Schedule of Classes

Spring 2018

Class offerings as of : MARCH 09, 2018

GE Requirement: Arts (C1)

Africana Studies - (AFRS)

AFRS 155 - AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSIC

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 5780   LEC TuTh 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
PSY-201 Wilson A  

AFRS 255 - INTRODUCTION TO HIP HOP

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 5197   LEC TuTh 2-3:15PM PSY-201 Wilson A  

There are no class notes for Africana Studies.

American Indian Studies - (AIS)

AIS 222 - AMERICAN INDIAN MUSEUM STUDIES

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 4739   LEC MW 5:30-6:45PM
Yes
LA5-355 Alvitre C  
02 5599   LEC TuTh 3:30-4:45PM
Yes
LA5-355 Alvitre C  

AIS 454 - CONTEMPORARY INDIGENOUS ARTS

3 Units GE AREA: C1, Human Diversity
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 8859
Zero Cost Course Materials
  SEM F 9-11:45AM
Yes
FA4-307 West E Class offered with AH-454-01

There are no class notes for American Indian Studies.

Art - (ART)

Studio art classes are open to art and pre-art majors only. For art history courses, see offerings under Art History (AH). Please refer to the class notes as indicated on individual sections to determine any supply and/or model fees which might apply.

ART 110 - INTRO TO THE VISUAL ARTS

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1028 214 LEC MW 5-6:15PM
Yes
HSCI-103 Kaeser A  
02 3242 214 LEC MW 3:30-4:45PM
Yes
MM-200 Zucman G  

ART 227 - HISTORY OF ANIMATION

3 Units AREA: C1, D2, Global
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 6893   LEC Th 5-7:45PM HSCI-100 Gladstone F Art students register for FEA 227
Class offered with FEA-227-01

Class Notes for Art

Number Note
214

Not recommended for Art and Art History majors

Art History - (AH)

AH 111A - FOUNDATION ART HISTORY I

3 Units GE AREA: C1, Global Issues
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1016   LEC TuTh 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
UT-108 Holliday P  
02 3934   LEC TuTh 2-3:15PM
Yes
MM-100 Proctor M  

AH 111B - FOUNDATION ART HISTORY II

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 2361   LEC MW 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
UT-108 Graham H  
02 7797   LEC TuTh 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
UT-108 Simms M  

AH 112 - LATIN AMER ARTS & ARCHITECTURE

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 5396   LEC MW 5-6:15PM
Yes
MM-200 Paquette C  

AH 113A - ASIAN ART EARLY SACRED CULTURE

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1015   LEC TuTh 11-12:15PM FA1-206 Brown K  

AH 114 - ARTS AFRICA OCEANIA INDIG NA

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 6086   LEC Th 1-3:45PM
Yes
FA4-307 West E  

AH 454 - CONTEMPORARY INDIGENOUS ARTS

3 Units GE AREA: C1, Human Diversity
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 8309
Zero Cost Course Materials
1,13 SEM F 9-11:45AM
Yes
FA4-307 West E Class offered with AIS-454-01

Class Notes for Art History

Number Note
1

Prerequisite and/or co-requisite - see University Catalog.

13

Double numbered course. 400 level/undergraduates; 500 level/graduates.

Asian American Studies - (ASAM)

ASAM 341 - ASIAN AMER CHICANO LAT CINEMA

3 Units GE AREA: C1, Human Diversity
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 10076   LEC Tu 5-7:45PM
Yes
LA5-263 Maram L  

There are no class notes for Asian American Studies.

Chicano & Latino Studies - (CHLS)

***Credit for CHLS 1 does not count toward any degree program.***

CHLS 341 - ASIAN AMER CHICANO LAT CINEMA

3 Units GE AREA: C1, Human Diversity
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 4246   LEC Tu 5-7:45PM
Yes
LA5-149 Sandoval A  

There are no class notes for Chicano & Latino Studies.

Comparative World Literature - (CWL)

CWL 124 - INTRO TO WORLD THEATRE & DRAMA

3 Units GE AREA: C1, C3, Global Issues
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 4805   LEC TuTh 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
SPA-105 Cooper P  
02 5017   LEC MW 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
LA1-305 Goldstein C  
03 6244   LEC TBA TBA ONLINE-ONLY McLoone K Class instruction is: Online Only.

CWL 205 - DIGITAL LITERATURE AND CULTURE

3 Units GE AREA: C1, C2a
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 7098   SEM TuTh 11-12:15PM
Yes
LA3-204 Chahinian-Mahroukian T  

CWL 213 - COMICS AND GRAPHIC NOVELS

3 Units GE AREA: C1, C2a, Global Issues
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 5897   LEC MW 8-9:15AM
Yes
MM-100 Shaw C  
02 5898   LEC MW 12:30-1:45PM SPA-105 Desuza-Riehm A  
03 6403   LEC TuTh 12:30-1:45PM LA3-203 Desuza-Riehm A  
04 8266   LEC TuTh 2-3:15PM PH1-100 Deon L  

CWL 324 - THEATRE TODAY

3 Units GE AREA: C1, F
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 6719   LEC TuTh 11-12:15PM
Yes
TA-033 Biship T Class offered with THEA-324-01
02 6720   LEC MW 2-3:15PM TA-033 Underwood S Class offered with THEA-324-02

CWL 412 - ART & LITERATURE

3 Units GE AREA: C1, C2a, F
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
02 8391   LEC TuTh 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
LA1-305 Dahab F  

There are no class notes for Comparative World Literature.

Dance - (DANC)

DANC 101 - INTRODUCTION TO MODERN DANCE

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 2347 5 LEC MW 9:30-10:45AM DC-S123 Bryant R  
03 10502 5 LEC TuTh 2-3:15PM
Yes
DC-S123 Jandasek F  

DANC 102 - INTRODUCTION TO BALLET

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 8855 5 LEC TuTh 11-12:15PM
Yes
DC-S316 Johnson L  

DANC 103 - INTRODUCTION TO JAZZ

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 8903 5 LEC MW 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
DC-S124 Hodges N  

DANC 104 - INTRODUCTION TO TAP

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 4122 5 LEC TuTh 9:30-10:45AM DC-S317 Zee S  

DANC 107 - INTRODUCTION TO HIP HOP DANCE

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 10744 5 LEC MW 2-3:15PM
Yes
DC-S320 Medina J  

DANC 110 - VIEWING DANCE

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1284 5 LEC MW 11-12:15PM
Yes
DESN-112 Wilson L  

DANC 373 - NONVERB COMM INTERAC MIND BODY

3 Units GE AREA: C1, D2, E, F
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 3429 5 LEC MW 2-3:15PM KIN-059 Levy D  
03 4120 5 LEC MW 11-12:15PM DC-S103 Levy D  
04 10866 5 LEC TuTh 9:30-10:45AM PH1-129 Levy D  

Class Notes for Dance

Number Note
5

Open to all students.

Design - (DESN)

DESN 110 - FOUNDATION DESIGN HISTORY

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 7798   LEC TuTh 2-3:15PM DESN-112 Magno H  

DESN 368 - HISTORY & THEORY OF DESIGN

3 Units AREA: C1, D2, Global
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 3380 17 LEC MW 7-8:15PM
Yes
DESN-112 Tredway T  

DESN 369 - HIST FURNITRE & DECORATVE ARTS

3 Units AREA: C1, D2, Global
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
02 10737 1,15 LEC MW 5:30-6:45PM DESN-112 Tredway T  

Class Notes for Design

Number Note
1

Prerequisite and/or co-requisite - see University Catalog.

15

For specific majors only - inquire department office.

17

Admission preference given to majors.

English - (ENGL)

ENGL 204 - CREATIVE WRIT CREATIVE NONFICT

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 3997 1 SEM MW 11-12:15PM
Yes
LA2-108 Guffey R  
02 4236 1 SEM TuTh 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
LA3-206 Rifkin A  

ENGL 205 - CREATIVE WRITING FICTION

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1445 1 SEM MW 2-3:15PM
Yes
LA2-108 Cooper S  
02 1446 1 SEM MW 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
LA3-206 Rifkin A  
03 1447 1 SEM TuTh 9:30-10:45AM LA2-208 Zepeda R  
04 1448 1 SEM MW 3:30-4:45PM
Yes
LA2-108 Cooper S  
05 3928 1 SEM TuTh 9:30-10:45AM LA2-108 Gall S  

ENGL 206 - INTRO CREATIVE WRITING- POETRY

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1449 1 SEM MW 9:30-10:45AM LA2-203 Locklin Z  
02 5003 1 SEM MW 11-12:15PM LA3-109 Damer M  
03 6260 1 SEM TuTh 11-12:15PM LA2-108 Margrave C  

Class Notes for English

Number Note
1

Prerequisite and/or co-requisite - see University Catalog.

Film and Electronic Arts - (FEA)

FEA 227 - HISTORY OF ANIMATION

3 Units AREA: C1, D2, Global
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 7460   LEC Th 5-7:45PM HSCI-100 Gladstone F Class offered with ART-227-01

FEA 310 - FILM AND CULTURE

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 3261 1,21 LEC Th 3:30-6:15PM FA1-206 Corbin N  

Class Notes for Film and Electronic Arts

Number Note
1

Prerequisite and/or co-requisite - see University Catalog.

21

Open to upper division students only.

Human Development - (HDEV)

There are no class notes for Human Development.

Music - (MUS)

UNDERGRADUATE THEORY TESTING, PRINCIPAL INSTRUMENT AUDITION, ACADEMIC ADVISING: All new freshmen and transfer students are required to take an audition in their principal performance area and to take theory placement exams. Contact the Music office (562) 985-4781 to register for auditions. All new GRADUATE students are required to take the graduate placement examination. GRADUATE performance majors are required to take an audition in their principal performance area and take the graduate placement examination. Contact the Music office (562) 985-4781 to register for auditions and exam. Department fee of $25 required of all students in music classes except 180, 190, 290, 363I, 364I, 365I, 375I, 378, 390, 391, 393, and 490. Students who are issued keys to lockers and/or practice rooms are responsible for the cost of replacing the corresponding lock(s) if the key(s) is/are not returned at the end of each semester. The cost is approximately $80 for a practice room key/lock and $35 for a locker/key lock.

MUS 190 - LISTENER APPROACH TO MUSIC

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1762   LEC TuTh 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
UMC-A100 Birkemeier R  
02 4724   LEC MW 11-12:15PM
Yes
UMC-A100 Birkemeier R  
03 1763 15 LEC MW 11-12:15PM
Yes
UMC-A301 Doyle A Department Consent Required

MUS 290 - POPULAR MUSIC IN AMERICA

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 5346   LEC MW 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
UMC-A100 Birkemeier R  

MUS 363 - MUSIC & THE VISUAL ARTS

3 Units GE AREA: C1, F
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 4073   LEC TuTh 11-12:15PM UMC-C100 Sabin P  

MUS 393 - JAZZ-AN AMERICAN MUSIC

3 Units GE AREA: C1, Human Diversity
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 5260 1 LEC TuTh 2-3:15PM UMC-C100 Briggs R  
02 5740 1,34 LEC TuTh 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
UMC-C100 Briggs R Department Consent Required
Honors Section

MUS 468 - MUSIC AND FILM

3 Units GE AREA: C1, F
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1895   LEC TuTh 11-12:15PM
Yes
UMC-A100 Fruchtman A  
02 4715   LEC TuTh 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
UMC-A100 Fruchtman A  
03 5746   LEC Th 4-6:45PM UMC-C100 Sabin P  

MUS 490 - INTRODUCTION TO MUSIC CULTURES

3 Units GE AREA: C1, Global Issues
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 1896   LEC TuTh 11-12:15PM UMC-A301 Briggs R  

Class Notes for Music

Number Note
1

Prerequisite and/or co-requisite - see University Catalog.

15

For specific majors only - inquire department office.

34

This course is open only to students in the University Honors Program.

Philosophy - (PHIL)

PHIL 261 - PHILOSOPHY AND FILM

3 Units AREA: C1, E
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 8444   LEC W 7-9:45PM
Yes
LA2-120 Wright C  

There are no class notes for Philosophy.

Theatre Arts - (THEA)

CREW REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL MAJORS: One major running crew assignment in residence in each of the areas of costume, make-up, stagecraft, and lighting to be satisfactorily completed with or without credit during the semester following completion of the related courses. Students with transfer credit in those related courses must fulfill the same running crew requirements, with or without credit, within the first three semesters of matriculation into the university. All incoming majors must contact the department office for an appointment: (562) 985-4042. ***Credit for THEA 10 does not count toward any degree program.***

THEA 113 - INTRO TO ACTING

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 2199 6,10 SEM TuTh 8-9:15AM UT-108 Alcaraz R  
02 2200 6,10 SEM TuTh 9:30-10:45AM TA-120 Alcaraz R  
03 2201 6,10 SEM MW 8-9:15AM TA-120 Trudgeon T  
04 2202 6,10 SEM TuTh 12:30-1:45PM
Yes
TA-038 Steers A  
05 7356   SEM TuTh 5-6:15PM
Yes
TA-038 Plummer J  
06 3618   SEM MW 11-12:15PM
Yes
TA-120 Bange C  
07 3899   SEM TuTh 11-12:15PM TA-038 Prior R  
08 3926   SEM TuTh 2-3:15PM
Yes
TA-038 Nathan J  
10 7357   SEM TuTh 12:30-1:45PM TA-037 Mulligan B  
11 4473   SEM MW 9:30-10:45AM TA-120 Bange C  
12 4853   SEM TuTh 3:30-4:45PM
Yes
TA-024 Paley S  
15 5844   SEM TuTh 11-12:15PM TA-120 Steers A  
16 6480   SEM MW 2-3:15PM TA-038 Brooke S  
17 6710 6,10 SEM MW 12:30-1:45PM TA-038 Underwood S  
18 7355   SEM MW 11-12:15PM TA-038 Soza J  
19 7402   SEM MW 3:30-4:45PM TA-024 Hunicutt J  
20 9289   SEM MW 9:30-10:45AM
Yes
TA-038 Richardson J  
21 10398   SEM MW 5-6:15PM
Yes
TA-038 Brooke S  

THEA 122 - THEATRE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 2204   LEC TuTh 2-3:15PM
Yes
TA-033 Prior R  
02 3634   LEC TBA TBA ONLINE-ONLY Berger J Class instruction is: Online Only.
03 5255   LEC TBA TBA
Yes
ONLINE-ONLY Biship T Class instruction is: Online Only.

THEA 323 - INTEGRATION OF DESIGN PERFORM

3 Units GE AREA: C1
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 8679   LEC TBA TBA ONLINE-ONLY Jacques D Class instruction is: Online Only.

THEA 324 - THEATRE TODAY

3 Units GE AREA: C1, F
SEC. CLASS # NO MATERIAL
COST
CLASS NOTES TYPE DAYS TIME OPEN SEATS
as of 03/09
LOCATION INSTRUCTOR COMMENT
01 2281 1,27 LEC TuTh 11-12:15PM
Yes
TA-033 Biship T Class offered with CWL-324-01
02 2870 1,28 LEC MW 2-3:15PM
Yes
TA-033 Underwood S Class offered with CWL-324-02
03 4121 31 LEC TBA TBA ONLINE-ONLY Underwood S Class instruction is: Online Only.

Class Notes for Theatre Arts

Number Note
1

Prerequisite and/or co-requisite - see University Catalog.

6

For non-majors only.

10

Extra hours to be arranged for participation/observation. Check with instructor or department office.

27

Attendance, on time, at first class meeting is required to avoid being dropped from the class by the instructor.

28

Register the first day of class.

31

Course taught entirely on-line; no formal class meetings. For information and course access call department or instructor.