Glossary
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aggregate function | (SQL) Function that operates on a group of rows, for example, SUM. | sql/functions.php |
aggregation | (UML) An association in which one class represents an assembly of components from one or more other class types. Components may also exist without being part of the assembly. | aggregate.php |
alias | (SQL) An alternate, short name for a table in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement. | jointypes.php |
ALTER TABLE | (SQL) Statement to change structure, constraints, or other properties of a table. | tables.php |
AS | (SQL) Keyword to specify a column alias in the SELECT clause. | sql/functions.php |
assignment rule | (RM) The association of each attribute in a scheme with its domain. | class.php |
association | (UML) The way that two classes are functionally connected to each other. | association.php |
association class | (UML) A class that contains attributes which are the properties of an association rather than a regular class. | manymany.php |
association, many-to-many | See many-to-many association. | manymany.php |
association, one-to-many | See one-to-many association. | association.php |
association, recursive | See recursive association. | recursive.php |
attribute | (UML,ER,RM) One piece of information that characterizes each member of a class. | class.php |
attribute, derived | See derived attribute. | manymany.php |
attribute, descriptive | See descriptive attribute. | class.php |
attribute, discriminator | See discriminator attribute. | loan.php |
attribute, multivalued | See multivalued attribute. | hobbies.php |
attribute, repeated | See repeated attribute. | phone.php |
base table | (SQL) A table that is referenced by a view definition. | sql/views.php |
BCNF | (RM) Boyce-Codd normal form: a database with no subkey in any relation (with no exceptions). | subkeys.php |
candidate key (CK) | (RM) A minimal super key, candidate to become primary key. | keys.php |
cardinality | (ER) See multiplicity. | association.php |
Cartesian product | (RA) The result of the join of two relations with no join attributes specified, as defined in set theory. See also cross join. | sql/join.php |
check constraint | A Boolean condition that the database applies to a row whenever that row is updated or inserted. | constraints/check_constraints.php |
child | (RM,TM) The relation on the "many" (FK) side of a one-to-many association. | association.php |
class | (UML) Any "thing" in the enterprise that is to be represented in the database. | class.php |
column | (TM) See attribute. | tables.php |
COMMIT | (SQL) Statement to make changes to data permanent. | sql/ddldml.php |
compatible | (RA) Two schemes are compatible if their intersection is null or if the intersection attributes inherit the same assignment rule from their respective schemes. | sql/join.php |
complete specialization | (UML) All members of a superclass must also be members of at least one subclass. | subclass.php |
composition | (UML) Stronger form of aggregation in which components cannot exist without being part of the assembly. | aggregate.php |
constraint | (RM,TM) Any restriction on the values that can be entered in a table. | tables.php |
CREATE TABLE | (SQL) Statement to do just what the name implies. | class.php |
cross join | (SQL) Paste of every pair of tuples from each relation, disregarding join attributes. See also Cartesian product. | jointypes.php |
data definition language (DDL) | (SQL) Statements to create and modify tables and other database objects. | sql/ddldml.php |
data dictionary | (SQL) System tables that hold information about the structure of the database. | sql/ddldml.php |
data integrity | (TM) In part, the value entered in each field of a table is consistent with its attribute domain. | domains.php |
data manipulation language (DML) | (SQL) Statements to work with data in a table. | sql/ddldml.php |
data types | (SQL) As in programming languages, the data type that an attribute can hold in a table. This is not the same as the domain of an attribute. | sql/ddldml.php |
DELETE | (SQL) Statement to remove some or all rows from a table. | sql/ddldml.php |
denormalization | (RM) Intentionally "breaking the rules" of normal forms. | normalize.php |
derived attribute | (UML) An attribute that can be computed from data stored elsewhere in the database. | manymany.php |
descriptive attribute | (UML) An attribute that provides real-world information, relevant to the enterprise, about the class that we are modeling. | class.php |
design pattern | (UML) Modeling situations that you will encounter frequently in database design. | manymany.php |
discriminator attribute | (RM,TM) An attribute that allows us to discriminate between multiple pairings of the same two individuals from each side of a many-to-many association. | loan.php |
disjoint specialization | (UML) Each member of a superclass may be a member of no more than one subclass | subclass.php |
DISTINCT | (SQL) Optional clause of the SELECT statement. Use when the SELECT attributes do not form a super key of the FROM clause. | sql/multijoin.php |
domain | (RM) The set of legal values that may be assigned to an attribute. | class.php |
domain, enumerated | See enumerated domain. | enum.php |
DROP CONSTRAINT | (SQL) Optional clause of the ALTER TABLE statement. | sql/ddldml.php |
DROP TABLE | (SQL) Statement to delete a table and all of its contents. | sql/ddldml.php |
entity | (ER) See class. | class.php |
entity-relationship (ER) model | An enterprise modeling tool used in database design. | models.html |
enumerated domain | (RM) A domain that may be specified by a well-defined, reasonably-sized set of constant values. | enum.php |
exclusive specialization | (UML) See disjoint specialization. | subclass.php |
external key | (UML,RM) A surrogate or substitute key that has been defined by an external organization. May be treated as a descriptive attribute in your model. | keys.php |
FD, partial | See partial FD. | subkeys.php |
FD, transitive | See transitive FD. | subkeys.php |
foreign key (FK) | (RM,TM) A set of attributes that is copied from the PK of a parent table into the scheme of a child table. | association.php |
functional dependency (FD) | (RM) Formal definition of the super key property. | subkeys.php |
generalization | (UML) (noun) A superclass. (verb) The process of designing superclasses from "bottom up." | subclass.php |
grant | (SQL) Statement to assign privileges to a user. | sql/ddldml.php |
HAVING | (SQL) Optional clause that selects aggregated group information in a SELECT statement. | sql/functions.php |
incomplete specialization | (UML) Some members of a superclass might not be members of any subclass. | subclass.php |
index | (SQL) A data structure that the database uses to find records within a table more quickly. | sql/views.php |
inner join | (SQL) Join of two tables with join attributes specified by the programmer. | jointypes.php |
INSERT INTO | (SQL) Statement to add a row of data to a table. | tables.php |
join (RA) | (RA) Formal definition on which the SQL join is based, the pairwise paste of tuples from the relations being joined. Please see full definition on the page. | sql/join.php |
join (SQL) | (SQL) Operation that links two tables, specified in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement. Please see full definition on the page. | sql/join.php |
join attributes | Attributes whose values are matched during the join operation. | sql/join.php |
join, cross | See cross join. | jointypes.php |
join, natural | See natural join. | jointypes.php |
join, non-equi- | See non-equi-join. | jointypes.php |
join, outer | See outer join. | jointypes.php |
join, self | See self join. | jointypes.php |
junction table | (RM,TM) The table created to hold the linking attributes (FKs) from both sides of a many-to-many association. | manymany.php |
key | See super key. | tables.php |
key, candidate | See candidate key. | keys.php |
key, external | See external key. | keys.php |
key, foreign | See foreign key. | association.php |
key, primary | See primary key. | tables.php |
key, sub | See subkey. | subkeys.php |
key, substitute | See substitute key. | keys.php |
key, super | See super key. | tables.php |
key, surrogate | See surrogate key. | keys.php |
lossless join decomposition | Decomposition (breaking apart) of a relation scheme to eliminate a subkey. The original scheme’s information can be recreated with the join in a query. | subkeys.php |
many-to-many association | (UML) An association with maximum multiplicity of *..* | manymany.php |
materialized view | (SQL) A view that creates and stores a result table in advance of being used. | sql/views.php |
MINUS | (RA,SQL) Operation as defined in set theory, returning the difference of the tuples/rows of two relations/tables over the same scheme. | sql/setops.php |
multiplicity | (UML) The minimum and maximum number of individuals of one class that may be associated with a single member of another class. | association.php |
multivalued attribute | (UML) An attribute that contains more than one value from its domain. This is a design error. | hobbies.php |
named query | (SQL) A view. | sql/views.php |
natural join | (SQL) Join of two tables with the intersection of their schemes used as join attributes. | jointypes.php |
non-equi-join | (SQL) Join based on some condition other than equality of the join attributes. | jointypes.php |
normal form, third | See third normal form. | subkeys.php |
normal forms | (RM) A progression of rules for well-structured database design. | normalize.php |
normalization | (RM) Following a set of rules to insure that a database is well designed. See also normal forms. | subkeys.php |
NULL | (SQL) A special constant value, compatible with any data type, that means "this field does not have any value assigned to it." | phone.php |
object | (UML) The instantiation of a class in OO programming languages. | class.php |
one-to-many association | (UML) An association with maximum multiplicity of 1..* | association.php |
outer join | (SQL) Join of two tables that retains unmatched join attributes from one or both sides. | jointypes.php |
overlapping specialization | (UML) Any member of a superclass may be a member of more than one subclass. | subclass.php |
parent | (RM,TM) The relation on the "one" (PK) side of a one-to-many association. | association.php |
partial FD | (RM) A subkey that is part of the primary key of a relation. | subkeys.php |
partial specialization | (UML) See incomplete specialization. | subclass.php |
paste | (RA) Tuple operation on which the RA join is based. Please see full definition on the page. | sql/join.php |
predicate | (RA) Conditional statement used in the RA select operstion. | sql/queries.php |
primary key (PK) | (RM,TM) The SK set of attributes that the designer picks as the unique identifier for a database table. | tables.php |
project (in RA) | (RA) Unary operator that picks attributes from a relation. | sql/queries.php |
property | (UML) See attribute. | class.php |
query | A request to retrieve data from the database. See SELECT (SQL). | sql/queries.php |
query, stored | See stored query. | sql/views.php |
query, sub | See subquery. | sql/subqueries.php |
recursive association | (UML) An association between a single class type (in one role) and itself (in another role). | recursive.php |
referential integrity | (RM,TM) A constraint on a table that does not allow an FK value to be entered without a matching PK value. | association.php |
relation | (RM) A set of tuples over the same scheme. | tables.php |
relational algebra (RA) | The formal language used to sympolically manipulate objects of the RM. | models.html |
relational model (RM) | The formal mathematical model of a relational database. | models.html |
relationship | (ER) See association. | association.php |
repeated attribute | (UML) An attribute that occurs more than once in the same class definition; it may also have attributes of its own. This is a design error. | phone.php |
result set | (SQL) The intermediate table that results from execution of the FROM clause of a SELECT statement. | sql/queries.php |
role | (SQL) A name for a group of database users who have been granted the same privileges. | sql/views.php |
ROLLBACK | (SQL) Statement to discard changes that have not been made permanent. | sql/ddldml.php |
row | (TM) The information about one individual in a database table. See also tuple. | tables.php |
scheme | (RM) A set of attributes, with an assignment rule. | class.php |
select (in RA) | (RA) Unary operator that picks tuples from a relation. | sql/queries.php |
SELECT (in SQL) | (SQL) Statement used to retrieve data from a table. | sql/queries.php |
self join | (SQL) Join of one table to itself. | jointypes.php |
specialization | (UML) (noun) A subclass. (verb) The process of designing subclasses from "top down." | subclass.php |
specialization constraints | (UML) Description of subclass membership (incomplete versus complete, disjoint versus overlapping). | subclass.php |
specialization, complete | See complete specialization. | subclass.php |
specialization, disjoint | See disjoint specialization. | subclass.php |
specialization, exclusive | See disjoint specialization. | subclass.php |
specialization, incomplete | See incomplete specialization. | subclass.php |
specialization, overlapping | See overlapping specialization. | subclass.php |
specialization, partial | See incomplete specialization. | subclass.php |
stereotype | (UML) A designator before a class name that specifies the type of the class. | enum.php |
stored query | (SQL) A view. | sql/views.php |
structured query language (SQL) | The language used to build and manipulate relational databases. | models.html |
subclass | (UML) A class that inherits common attributes from a parent class, but contains unique attributes of its own. See also superclass and specialization. | subclass.php |
subkey | (RM) A set of attributes that is a super key for some, but not all, of the attributes in a relation. | subkeys.php |
subquery | (SQL) A query (SELECT statement) that is embedded in another query. | sql/subqueries.php |
subscheme | (RA) A subset of the attributes in a scheme, preserving the assignment rule. Used in the RA project operation. | sql/queries.php |
substitute PK | (RM) An artificial, somewhat meaningful, primary key made up by the database designer under certain limited conditions. See also surrogate PK. | keys.php |
SUM | (SQL) Aggregate function to sum the values in a column. | sql/functions.php |
super key (SK) | (RM,TM) Any set of attributes whose values, taken together, uniquely identify each row of a table. | tables.php |
superclass | (UML) A class that contains attributes common to one or more child classes. See also subclass and generalization. | subclass.php |
surrogate PK | (RM) An artificial, meaningless, primary key made up by the database designer under certain limited conditions. See also substitute PK. | keys.php |
table | (TM) A set of rows. See also relation. | tables.php |
table model (TM) | An informal set of terms for RM objects. | models.html |
third normal form (3NF) | (RM) A database with no subkey in any relation (with rare exceptions). See also normal forms. | subkeys.php |
transitive FD | (RM) A subkey that is not part of the primary key of a relation. | subkeys.php |
tuple | (RM) A function that assigns a constant value from the attribute domain to each attribute in a relation scheme. | tables.php |
unified modeling language (UML) | An enterprise modeling tool used in database design and software engineering. | models.html |
UNION | (RA,SQL) Operation as defined in set theory, returning the union of the tuples/rows of two relations/tables over the same scheme. | sql/setops.php |
UPDATE | (SQL) Statement to change existing data in a table. | tables.php |
validation rule | (TM) An algorithm or procedure to separate good from bad data. | domains.php |
view | (SQL) Any SELECT query that has been given a name and saved in the database. | sql/views.php |
view, materialized | See materialized view. | sql/views.php |
weak entity | (ER) An entity (UML class) type that cannot exist without its parent entity type. | phone.php |
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